| Symbol | Example Word | Place/Manner/voicing | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| [p ] | pie | voiceless bilabial stop | |
| [b ] | buy | voiced bilabial stop | |
| [m ] | my | voiced bilabial nasal | |
| [f ] | fat | voiceless labio-dental fricative | |
| [v ] | vat | voiced labio-dental fricative | |
| [T ] | thigh, thick, breath | voiceless interdental fricative | Spelled in orthography with a th; written as a theta in IPA |
| [D ] | thy, them, breathe | voiced interdental fricative | Spelled in orthography with a th; written as an ethe in IPA |
| [t ] | tip | voiceless alveolar stop | |
| [d ] | dip | voiced alveolar stop | |
| [s ] | sip | voiceless alveolar fricative | |
| [z ] | zip | voiced alveolar fricative | |
| [n ] | nip | voiced alveolar nasal | Don't confuse this with [N] (below(. |
| [l ] | lip | voiced alveolar (lateral) liquid | Some of you may notice your [l] segment is made without the tongue touching the alveolar ridge at least sometimes. We discussed these velarized or 'dark' [l] realizations in class. |
| [S ] | ship, fresher, flash | voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative | Note this differs from [s] above. Written in IPA as a long 's'. Note there is no h' sound in the example words here. the [S] sound has nothing to do with an [h] sound. |
| [Z ] | genre, measure, beige | voiced alveolo-palatal fricative | this is not a frequent sound in English and is often confused with [S]. We discussed with in class as the 'hover craft' sound. |
| [tS ] | choke, church | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | Written as 'ch' in orthography. Often confused with [S] when transcribing. This is written as two symbols because it is two sounds pushed together: the stop [t] and the fricative [S] |
| [dZ ] | joy, judge | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate | don't transcribe this as a j. |
| [r ] | rip, dear | voiced palatal or retroflex () liquid | Do not confuse this with [r=]: a sound that is more a vowel than a consonant. contrast [fri] 'free' and [fr=i] 'furry'. |
| [j ] | yellow, gray | voiced palatal glide | This is generally written in orthography as 'y'. Do not use [j] to represent the affricate in 'jelly' or 'judge' |
| [w ] | wick, cow | voiced labio-velar glide | This is labio because the lips are rounded and velar because the back of the tongue raises toward the velum. ,/td> |
| [k ] | coat | voiceless velar stop | |
| [g ] | goat | voiced velar stop | |
| [N ] | ping, rang | voiced velar nasal | this is written generally in orthography as a 'ng' but there is not [g] sound actually made. Don't confuse this with [n] (above). |
| [h ] | hip | voiceless glottal fricative | |
| [? ] | hu'u, o'oh | glottal stop | |
| [i ] | beat | high, front, tense vowel | |
| [I ] | bit | high, front, lax vowel | |
| [ej ] | bate | mid, front, tense vowel | Without the [j], this ounds like the Canadian 'eh'? |
| [E ] | bet | mid front, lax vowel | |
| [{ ] | bat | low, front, lax vowel | Do not confuse this with [a] |
| [u ] | boot | high, back, tense vowel | This is [u] as in [ful] 'fool', not [ju] as in [fju] 'few'. |
| [U ] | put | high, back, lax vowel | this is [U] is in [lUk] 'look, not [lVk] 'luck' or [luk] 'Luke'. |
| [ow ] | boat | mid, back, tense vowel | This is not the diphthong vowel in the word 'cow' or 'house'. without the [w] glide, this is the 'o' sound characteristic of Jamaica or some parts of the northern US. |
| [O ] | caught | mid, back, lax vowel | Not all of you have a difference between this vowel and [a] (below). Pronounce the two names 'Dawn' and Don'. If they sound different, this is the one in 'dawn'. It is written in IPA as a backward c. |
| [a ] | cot | low, back vowel | Not all of you have a difference between this vowel and [O] (above). Pronounce the two names 'Dawn' and Don'. If they sound different, this is the one in 'don'. |
| [ V ] and [ @ ] | cut, above, luck | mid lax central | [V] is used in stressed and [@] in unstressed syllables. This sound is called schwa. |
| [aj] | buy, pride | diphthong | This is frequently written in orthography as 'i, then a consonant then a silent 'e'' |
| [aw] | cow, loud | diphthong | This is frequently written in orthography as 'ow' |
| [Oj] | soy, join | diphthong | This is frequently written in orthography as 'oy' or 'oi'. |